Diet for diabetes

Diabetes mellitus diet is one of the methods of disease control in order to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications. The key task of therapeutic measures is to normalize metabolic processes in the body by optimizing blood sugar levels to the maximum permissible value.

The key to the well-being of the patient is adherence to a dietary diet with a limited amount of carbohydrates and well-chosen drug therapy.

If you do not start the treatment of the disease in a timely manner, diabetes mellitus complicates the kidneys, nervous system, blood vessels, eyes, heart.

Etiology and pathogenesis

Today, 4% of the world's population suffers from this disease. According to the WHO, 8640 people with diabetes die every day around the world, 3 million people die every year. This figure is several times higher than the death rate from hepatitis and AIDS. According to the data of the International Diabetes Federation, as of 2014, the number of carriers of this disease is 285 million. At the same time, according to the forecast, by 2030. their number may grow to 438 million.

Etiology of the disease:

• obesity;
• hereditary predisposition;
• viral infections (flu, tonsillitis), as a result of which the islet apparatus is damaged and latent diabetes is formed;
• mental / physical trauma;
• vascular, autoimmune disorders.

External factors contributing to the development of diabetes mellitus:

• prolonged mental stress, stress, fear, fear;
• eating foods with an excessive amount of carbohydrates, saturated sugary substances;
• prolonged overeating.

Diabetes symptoms in men and women:

• weakness;
• polyuria (an increase in the amount of urine up to 8 l / day);
• weight loss;
• hair loss;
• sleepiness;
• frequent urination;
• intense thirst;
• decreased libido, potency;
• itching of feet, palms, perineum;
• increased appetite;
• wounds do not heal well;
• decreased visual acuity;
• odor of acetone from the mouth.

If you find signs of a disease, you should immediately consult a doctor, since the effectiveness of diabetes treatment directly depends on the rate at which the first symptoms of the disease are detected, the conclusion of the diagnosis and the conduct of drug therapy. Remember, in the early stages, the disease is easier to treat.

Disease Classification and Role of Nutrition

The primary role after drug therapy should be given to the patient's diet.

The types of diets depend on the stage of pancreatic depression, the mechanism of its manifestation and the method of treatment.

Degrees of the disease

1. Type 1 diabetes. It is a severe autoimmune disease associated with impaired glucose metabolism. In this case, the pancreas does not produce at all or produces too little insulin necessary to maintain the body's vital functions.
2. Type 2 diabetes. Often this form of the disease develops in sedentary people with age, whose excess body weight exceeds 15% of the total weight.
3. Gestational diabetes. This type of diabetes mellitus develops in 4% of women during pregnancy, more often in the second trimester. Unlike the first two types of disease, in most cases it disappears immediately after the birth of the child, however, sometimes it can transform into the second type of diabetes. . . .

Less common forms (variants) of diabetes mellitus, which occur in 1% of the world's population - prediabetes, latent, neurogenic, renal, steroid, bronze, MODY.

Types of Diabetes Diet

Insulin injections, hypoglycemic drugs and physical activity are important in achieving positive dynamics in the treatment of the disease. However, according to some doctors (A. Bronstein, E. Malysheva, V. Kononov), the right diet plays a fundamental role.

Types of nutrition programs

1. A carbohydrate-free diet is a technique that is based on the consumption of complex carbohydrates from vegetables, fruits - in large quantities, and the exclusion of foods containing simple carbohydrates from the menu.
2. Protein diet for diabetes. This nutritional scheme is based on the principle of minimizing the consumption of carbohydrates and fats by increasing the protein in the diet. The main emphasis in the methodology is the replacement of meat with lean fish, poultry and fermented milk products.
3. Low carbohydrate diet, used to compose menus for type 1. 2 diabetics.
4. Buckwheat diet. Regular consumption of this product has a beneficial effect on the body: it lowers the level of "bad" cholesterol and saturates it with iron, rutin, calcium, magnesium, fiber, iodine, B vitamins. Buckwheat diet in diabetes helps to minimize the likelihood of macrovascular complications and ulcers.
5. The diabetes prevention diet is designed to reduce the risk of developing pancreatic dysfunction.

With the appearance of exacerbations from the cardiac system and blood vessels, diet 10 is practiced for diabetes mellitus. Its peculiarity is to reduce the consumption of fluids, salt, fats, carbohydrates, since these substances overload the liver, kidneys, and excite the nervous system.

Let's consider in detail what kind of diet is needed for diabetes mellitus, recipes for dishes that are allowed to be consumed during the period of dietary nutrition.

Carbohydrate Counting

When detecting diabetes mellitus, it is important to properly balance the intake of carbohydrates and glucose-lowering substances in the body. To calculate the calorie content of products, a universal parameter called the bread unit is used. At the same time, 1 XE (10 - 13 g of pure carbohydrates) raises glucose to 2. 77 mmol / l and "requires" 1. 4 units of insulin for its absorption. Since the injection is given before the start of a meal, it is important to plan a single meal ration in advance.

The carbohydrate content of one meal should be 4-6 bread units. The frequency and time of meals directly depend on the type of sugar-reducing drug.

Amount of product that matches 1XE:

• sugar - 1 tbspl . ;
• honey - 1 tbsp. l . ;
• spaghetti - 1. 5 tbspl . ;
• fruit juices - 150 ml;
• ice cream - 60 g;
• sweet water with gas - 180 ml;
• bread (rye, white, black) - 25 g;
• pancakes or pancakes - 1 pc . ;
• dough - 25 g;
• melon - 300 g;
• porridge (oat, buckwheat, wheat) - 2 tbsp. l. cereals;
• sausages - 200 g;
• kefir, fermented baked milk, milk - 250 ml;
• mashed potatoes - 100 g;
• apples - 100 g;
• legumes (peas, beans) - 5 tbsp. l . ;
• kiwi - 150 g;
• pears - 90 g;
• oranges - 100 g;
• berries - 150 g;
• plums - 100 g;
• peaches - 150 g;
• watermelon - 400 g;
• dried fruits (prunes, raisins, dried apricots) - 20 g.

The carbohydrate saturation of a diabetic's daily diet should not exceed 17 bread units (2000 kcal).

In addition to counting saccharides, it is important for patients with pancreatic dysfunction to carefully select food for a meal based on prohibited and permitted ingredients.

Diabetes Food Table

Product Category	Allowed	Available in limited quantity	Prohibited Food
Bakery products	Severed	Wheat, whole grain, rye, second-grade flour baked goods	Puff pastry, pastry
Meat and Poultry	-	Lean varieties of veal, lamb, chicken, turkey, rabbit, boiled tongue, diet sausage	Fatty pork, beef, goose, duck, canned food, sausages, bacon, smoked sausages
First courses	Borscht, cabbage soup, fish soup, soups: mushroom, fish, beetroot	Lean solyanka	Noodle soups, fatty broths, traditional kharcho
Fish	Lean Fish Fillet	Mussels, squids, shrimps, oysters, crayfish, fish of the salmon family (trout, salmon, salmon)	Eel, caviar, canned food in oil, fish of the herring family (sprat, sprat, herring), sturgeon (stellate sturgeon, beluga, sturgeon)
Dairy, fermented milk products	Milk, kefir, unsalted cheese 25-30%	Homemade yogurt, milk 0%, feta cheese, cottage cheese 5%, curdled milk, fermented baked milk	Sour cream, cheese 50-60%, salted cheese, glazed curds, butter, condensed milk, cream
Porridge	Buckwheat, pearl barley, oatmeal, barley, millet	-	Semolina, brown rice, pasta
Vegetables	Carrots, cabbage (all kinds), beets, pumpkin, tomatoes, zucchini, eggplants, onions, turnips, radishes, mushrooms, cucumbers, fresh leafy greens, bell peppers	Corn, boiled potatoes, fresh legumes	French fries, stir-fried vegetables, pickled and salted vegetables
Fruits, berries	Quince, lemons, cranberries, pear	Plums, apples, peaches, oranges, cherries, blueberries, watermelon, currants, raspberries	Grapes, figs, dates, raisins, bananas
Desserts	Fruit Salads	Sambuca, compotes, sweetener mousse, fruit jelly, green cocktails with honey (1 dec. l. )	Ice cream, cakes, fatty cookies, cakes, jam, puddings, sweets, milk chocolate with nuts
Sauces and spices	Mustard, pepper, horseradish, tomato juice, cinnamon, dry spices and herbs	Homemade mayonnaise	Ketchups, sautéed vegetables, purchased sauces
Drinks	Tea, cocoa, ground coffee (without sugar and cream), rosehip and raspberry decoction, unsweetened fruit nectars, sour berry fruit drinks	Natural vegetable juices (diluted)	Sugar lemonades, kvass, sweet drinks, alcohol
Fats	-	Vegetable oils (flaxseed, corn, olive sunflower), unsalted butter	Lard, meat fats

After converting carbohydrates to bread units, it is important to determine the amount of insulin that will be required to utilize postprandial blood sugar. Following this recommendation will help to avoid life-threatening conditions - hyper and hypoglycemia.

Diet for grade 1 diabetes

The type 1 diabetes diet is based on strict control of blood glucose concentration at the level (3. 5… 5. 5 mmol / l).

Consider the features of food intake, allowing you to maintain its level within the established limits.

1. The maximum daily calorie content of dishes (total per day) is 2000 kcal.
2. Fractional nutrition (at least 5 times).
3. Eliminate pure sucrose from the menu to lower blood glucose.
4. Distribute the main dose of carbohydrates for breakfast and lunch.
5. Don't eat at night.
6. Avoid the intake of easily digestible carbohydrates: baked goods, honey, jam, preserves.
7. Use a natural sweetener as a sweetener.
8. To monitor the quality, "naturalness" of products.
9. Adjust the schedule of insulin therapy for meals (a long-acting drug is injected before meals, a short one - after a meal).
10. Calculate the number of bread units to account for the amount of carbohydrates eaten per day. For one meal, you should consume no more than 8 XE.

In the presence of gastrointestinal diseases (pancreatitis, ulcers, gastritis), the diet for diabetes mellitus prohibits the intake of products such as: pickles, smoked meats, rich broths, coffee, carbonated drinks, alcohol, mushrooms, canned food that stimulate excessive secretion of enzymes, becausethey affect the rate and level of carbohydrate absorption.

Allowed Type 1 Diabetes Foods:

• yeast-free baked goods (lavash);
• berries, fruits (plum, cherry, lemon, apple, pear, orange);
• soy products (tofu, milk);
• cereals (pearl barley, oatmeal, buckwheat porridge);
• vegetarian puree soups;
• drinks (slightly carbonated mineral water, berry mousses, dried fruit compote);
• vegetables (onions, zucchini, peppers, beets, carrots);
• nuts (not roasted);
• weak coffee, unsweetened green / black / fruit teas.

Do not eat:

• rich soups, broths;
• pasta, flour products;
• sweets (cakes, pastries, sweets, chocolate, muffins);
• fast food, semi-finished products;
• alcoholic beverages (it is strictly forbidden to consume red dessert wine);
• sour, smoked, spicy foods;
• fatty meats (pork, lamb, duck), fish (mackerel).

The daily calorie intake of an obese patient on this diet with insulin is in the range of 1200-1400 kcal. In the absence of the need to get rid of extra pounds, portions of dishes can be increased.

Diet for a week for overweight insulin addicts

Day # 1

• breakfast - bread - 1 slice, porridge - 170 g, green tea, cheese - 40 g;
• second breakfast - pear - 0. 5 pcs, young cheese - 60 g;
• lunch - borscht - 250 g, stewed cabbage - 200 g, vegetable salad - 100 g, steamed cutlet - 100 g, lavash;
• afternoon tea - rosehip broth, cottage cheese - 100 g, fruit jelly - 100 g;
• dinner - cauliflower zrazy - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g;
• before bed - milk - 200 ml.

Day # 2

• breakfast - boiled veal - 50 g, green tea, omelet, tomato - 1 pc. , bread - 1 slice;
• second breakfast - grapefruit or orange - 1 pc, pistachios - 50 g;
• lunch - chicken breast - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g, pumpkin porridge - 150 g;
• afternoon tea - grapefruit - 1 pc. , kefir - 200 ml. ;
• dinner - boiled fish - 100 g, stewed cabbage - 200 g;
• Bedtime - Unsweetened Cracker - 50g

Day # 3

• breakfast - lavash, weak coffee without sugar, cabbage rolls with meat - 200 g;
• second breakfast - strawberries - 120 g, yogurt - 200 ml;
• lunch - pasta - 100 g, vegetable salad - 100 g, steamed fish - 100 g;
• afternoon tea - orange - 1 pc. , dried fruit decoction;
• dinner - cottage cheese casserole with pears - 250 g;
• before bedtime - kefir.

Day 4

• breakfast - porridge - 200 g, green tea, cheese - 70 g. boiled egg - 1 pc . ;
• second breakfast - toast with cheese, turkey fillet;
• lunch - stewed zucchini with meat - 200 g, vegetarian puree soup - 150 g, bread - 2 pcs. ;
• afternoon tea - lean cookies - 15 g, unsweetened black tea;
• dinner - green beans - 200 g, boiled chicken fillet - 150 g, rosehip broth;
• before bedtime - dry diet bread - 3 pcs.

Day 5

• breakfast - low-fat cottage cheese (up to 5%) - 150 g, kefir - 200 ml;
• second breakfast - pumpkin seeds - 2 tablespoons, raisins - 3 tablespoons;
• lunch - baked potatoes - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g, compote without sugar - 100 g;
• afternoon snack - unsweetened fruit tea, baked pumpkin - 150 g;
• dinner - vegetable salad - 200 g, steamed cutlet - 100 g or pancakes with blueberries on rye flour - 250 g;
• before bedtime - kefir 1%.

Day 6

• breakfast - boiled egg - 1 pc, fruit tea, light salted salmon - 30 g;
• second breakfast - cottage cheese - 150 g, carrots - 1 pc . ;
• lunch - green borscht - 250 g, cabbage rolls with brown rice and carrots - 170 g; pita;
• afternoon snack - kefir - 150 ml. , bread - 2 pcs;
• dinner - fresh peas - 100 g, boiled chicken fillet - 100 g, stewed eggplant - 150 g;
• before bed - dry crackers - 50 g.

Day 7

• breakfast - ham - 50 g, buckwheat porridge - 200 g, green tea;
• second breakfast - salad of tuna, cucumber, cherry tomatoes, rye whole grain bread - 150 g;
• lunch - stewed zucchini with carrots - 100 g, cabbage soup - 250 g, bread - 1 slice, chicken cutlet - 50 g;
• afternoon tea - cottage cheese - 100 g, apricots or plums - 4 pcs;
• dinner - squid schnitzel with onions - 150 g, dried fruit compote;
• before bed - milk - 200 ml.

Low carbohydrate diet for diabetes is a strictly balanced diet for the patient to maintain sugar within the normal range and systematic weight loss.

Type 2 Diabetes Diet

Fundamentals of Diet Health Nutrition:

• replace refined carbohydrates with sweeteners;
• the ratio of BZHU should be 20%: 30%: 50%;
• reduce the consumption of animal fats by up to 50%;

The calorie content of the daily diet depends on the patient's energy consumption and body weight.

Diabetes Diet 9 or Table 9 is a balanced program for diabetic patients with moderate mild to moderate obesity. Adhering to it, the patient's diet consists of: proteins (100 g. ), Carbohydrates (320 g. ), Fats (80 g. ), Of which 30% are unsaturated triglycerides.

The type 2 diabetes diet is almost the same as the nutritional program for people who monitor their health:

• divide the entire volume of daily food into 5 meals: 2 snacks at 1-2XE, 3 main meals at 5-8XE;
• don't skip breakfast;
• maximum break between meals - 4 hours;
• last meal in the evening - 1. 5 hours before bedtime;
• in between meals it is recommended to eat vegetable salads, fruits, freshly squeezed juices, dried fruit broth, kefir, milk, green or fruit tea, unsweetened biscuits (crackers), bread.

Everyday diet for type 2 diabetes

Day # 1

• breakfast - asparagus - 100g. , scrambled eggs from 3-4 quail eggs;
• second breakfast - salad of walnuts, squid, apples - 200 g;
• lunch - baked eggplants stuffed with pomegranate, nuts - 100 g, beetroot - 250 g;
• afternoon tea - avocado and cocoa ice cream - 100 g;
• Dinner - salmon steak with radish sauce - 200 g.

Day # 2

• breakfast - yogurt, rolled oats - 200 g (you can use stevia or agave nectar as a sweetener), apple - 1 pc . ;
• second breakfast - fruit smoothies (grind in a blender 80 g each cherry, strawberry, melon and 4 ice cubes);
• lunch - baked veal - 150 g, vegetable stew - 200 g;
• afternoon snack - cottage cheese and pear casserole - 150 g;
• dinner - mix of vegetables - 200 g, avocado - half of the fruit.

Day # 3

• breakfast - fried eggs from two eggs with the addition of low-fat cheese, basil, tomatoes;
• second breakfast - "steam" vegetables - 100 g, hummus - 100 g;
• lunch - vegetarian puree soup - 200 g, green peas - 50 g chicken cutlets - 150 g;
• afternoon tea - pear - 1 pc. , almonds - 50 g;
• Dinner - salmon - 150 g, yogurt, spinach.

Day 4

• breakfast - baked fruits (apples, plums, cherries) in agave nectar - 200 g;
• second breakfast - sandwich with tuna and lettuce;
• lunch - beef steak - 150 g, boiled cauliflower - 200 g, salad of tomatoes, arugula, parmesan - 100 g;
• afternoon snack - fruit and berry dessert (cut mangoes, kiwi, strawberries, combine with snow, pour orange juice and freeze) - 150 g;
• dinner - broccoli roll - 200 g.

Day 5

• breakfast - orange - 1 pc . ; fruit tea, low-fat cheese - 30 g, bread - 2 pcs. ;
• second breakfast - beet salad with nuts - 200 g;
• lunch - rice - 200 g, salmon, steamed - 150 g, grapefruit - 1 pc . ;
• afternoon tea - berries with whipped cream 10% - 150 g;
• dinner - rosehip broth, squid schnitzel with onions - 200 g.

Day 6

• breakfast - carrot and cottage cheese soufflé - 200 g;
• second breakfast - cauliflower zrazy - 100 g;
• lunch - salad of tangerine, chicken breast, arugula - 200 g, dried fruit compote, vegetable borscht - 200 ml;
• afternoon tea - kiwi, raspberry mousse - 200 ml. ;
• dinner - steamed cod with carrots - 200 g, kefir.

Day 7

• breakfast - baked apple stuffed with oat flakes, nuts, raisins - 1 pc . ;
• second breakfast - fruit and vegetable salad of kohlrabi, celery, pears - 200 g, shrimps - 100 g;
• lunch - polenta - 200 g, greens, boiled hake - 200 g, kiwi - 1 pc. ;
• afternoon tea - strawberries with mascarpone - 100 g;
• dinner - cucumber salad with onions, spinach - 250 g, green tea.

Depending on the course of the disease, changes can be made in the patient's menu.

Remember, the above example diet is not a universal nutritional system for all diabetics, so it is important to monitor your well-being in the process of following it. In case of its deterioration, “problem” foods should be excluded from the menu.

Gestational Diabetes Diet

In some cases, the pancreas malfunctions in the body of the expectant mother, and as a result, gestational diabetes develops. In most cases, this condition is easy to control with proper nutrition.

Diabetes diet during pregnancy

1. Avoid sugar, confectionery, baked goods, semolina, sweet fruits, and foods containing sweeteners from the diet.
2. Balance the daily menu. The daily norm of carbohydrates is 50%, proteins - 30%, fats - 15-20%. At the same time, Malysheva's diet for diabetes provides for minimizing the amount of food intake, which contains plant and animal triglycerides (5-10%).
3. Observe the drinking regime - 1. 5-2 liters of water per day.
4. Enrich the daily diet with starchy (cereals, rye bread, brown rice, legumes, sweet potatoes, Jerusalem artichoke, radish, beets) and fermented milk products.
5. Snack on fresh fruit.
6. Divide the daily food intake into 3 main meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) and 2 snacks (lunch, afternoon snack).
7. Enrich the daily diet with multivitamin complexes for pregnant women.
8. Reduce sugar with folk remedies using decoctions of celery roots, linden flowers, blueberry leaves, lilac buds, bean pods.
9. Limit caffeine intake. The permissible norm for alkaloids is 2 servings of coffee or tea.

The optimal caloric intake of a pregnant woman's daily diet is 2000 - 2500 kcal. At the same time, a carbohydrate-free diet for gestational diabetes is prohibited.

Recommended menu for expectant mothers with high blood glucose

• breakfast - millet porridge - 150 g, fruit tea, rye bread - 20 g;
• second breakfast - dried whole grain bun - 50 g, unsalted cheese 17% - 20 g, apple - 1 pc . ;
• lunch - buckwheat porridge - 100 g, a mix of cabbage, Jerusalem artichoke, cucumbers - 150 g, beef stew - 70 g;
• afternoon tea - cottage cheese 5% - 100 g, unsweetened cracker - 2 pcs. , orange - 1 pc. ;
• dinner - boiled chicken fillet - 60 g, vegetable garnish (carrots, cabbage, peppers) - 100 g, tomato juice - 180 ml, bread - 2 pcs. ;
• 3 hours before bedtime - kefir / yogurt - 200 ml.

In addition to following a special diet, patients with gestational diabetes are shown walking (40 minutes a day) and moderate physical activity (gymnastics, water exercises).

Diet for insulin-dependent diabetes in children

Diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence is much more difficult to carry than in adults. A child's genetic predisposition, stress and poor nutrition are the main causes of the development of autoimmune disease.

In 80% of cases, children are diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1). Early diagnosis, immediate treatment and strict adherence to a special diet will help prevent the consequences of the disease.

Diabetes diet in children

1. Exclude from the menu sugar, soda, confectionery, wheat flour bakery products, fried foods, baked goods.
2. Enrich your daily menu with unsweetened fruits, vegetables and herbs (unlimited). Banned - grapes, bananas, raisins, dates, persimmons, figs.
3. Use natural sugar substitutes.
4. Divide the daily food intake into 6 meals. At the same time, it is important to eat food at regular intervals. Permissible deviations in the child's nutritional schedule are 15–20 minutes.
5. Meals should be taken after 15 minutes. after the introduction of insulin and 2 hours after the injection.
6. If you cannot eat at the set time, you can eat bread, pear, nuts, cheese sandwich or apple as a snack. In no case should you starve.
7. Taking a slice of chocolate immediately will help stop hypoglycemic attacks. Therefore, an adult who accompanies a child should always have a sweet product available.
8. Enrich the child's daily diet with fermented milk products.
9. Calculate your daily fructose intake. The amount of sugar substitute directly depends on the age of the child and the nature of the course of the disease.

To lower blood glucose, it is advisable for a child to give decoctions of blueberries, nettles, corn stalks, mint leaves, barberry branches, bean pods, Jerusalem artichoke fruits, ginseng and eleutherococcus.

Thus, the diet for patients with diabetes plays an important role, since the patient's well-being and life depends on the correctness of its composition. Therefore, it is important to take very seriously and carefully to the compilation of the diet and its adherence, otherwise negligence can lead to tragic consequences.